Black horehound Ballota nigra
ABOUT
The common name for Ballota nigra is "Black Horehound." This plant features a robust, square stem along with oppositely arranged leaves. The foliage of the Black Horehound has a rough texture, often described as wrinkly or crinkly, with a heart-shaped base and a somewhat round overall form. The leaves are typically a dull green color and may be covered with fine hairs, giving them a slightly fuzzy appearance. Flowering in this plant presents in whorls that form dense clusters circling the stem. The blooms are small and have a bell-shaped structure, exhibiting a dull white to pink or purplish tint. These flowers are distinct for their somewhat ragged edge, and the calyx which holds them usually features prominent veins. The overall impression is of a somewhat scruffy but hardy plant that embodies a wild and untamed aesthetic. The Black Horehound also has a notable aroma, which is often considered displeasing or pungent, a factor that has influenced its applications and the perceptions about the plant. Despite this, it still serves a role in various traditional practices, appreciated for certain properties that have been recognized for centuries.
About this plant
NamesFamily
Lamiaceae
Synonyms
Black Horehound, Black Stinking Horehound, Stinking Roger
Common names
Marrubium nigrum, Ballota foetida, Ballota ramosissima, Ballota vulgaris, Ballota alba, Stachys ballota, Ballota nigra subsp. foetida, Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica, Ballota nigra subsp. meridionalis, Ballota nigra subsp. ruderalis, Ballota acetabulosa, Ballota nigra subsp. kurdica, Ballota pseudodictamnus.
ToxicityTo humans
Black horehound (Ballota nigra) is generally not considered highly toxic to humans. However, ingestion of large amounts of the plant may potentially cause gastrointestinal disturbances such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. There are also reports suggesting that black horehound has mild sedative effects, but the clinical significance of this is unclear. As with any plant matter, individuals with specific allergies may have adverse reactions. Pregnant women should avoid consuming black horehound as it may stimulate the uterus and affect hormonal balance.
To pets
Black horehound is also not widely recognized as a highly toxic plant to pets such as dogs and cats. Nonetheless, similar to humans, ingestion in large quantities could lead to gastrointestinal upset, including symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. While it is not commonly listed as a toxic plant, it is generally advisable to prevent pets from consuming plants, particularly in significant amounts, due to the potential for allergic reactions or unforeseen toxicities. If you suspect your pet has ingested black horehound and is showing symptoms of distress, you should contact a veterinarian.
CharacteristicsLife cycle
Perennials
Foliage type
Deciduous
Color of leaves
Green
Flower color
Purple
Height
2-3 feet (0.6-0.9 meters)
Spread
2-3 feet (0.6-0.9 meters)
Plant type
Herb
Hardiness zones
7
Native area
Mediterranean
Benefits
General Benefits- Aesthetic Appeal: Black Horehound is often used in gardens and landscapes for its attractive foliage and small, whorled flowers, enhancing visual interest.
- Wildlife Habitat: It provides food for bees and other pollinators, contributing to biodiversity and the health of the ecosystem.
- Herbal Uses: The aromatic leaves of Black Horehound can be used to flavor food and beverages, although its taste can be quite strong and is an acquired preference.
- Traditional Craft Uses: In some cultures, Black Horehound has been used to make natural dyes for textiles.
- Culinary Uses: While not widely used in modern cuisine, Black Horehound has historical use as a bitter herb in the culinary arts.
Medical Properties- Sedative: Ballota nigra has been traditionally used for its mild sedative effects.
- Antispasmodic: The plant may help relieve muscle spasms.
- Gastrointestinal aid: It has been used to help with gastrointestinal issues such as gas and bloating.
- Anti-inflammatory: Contains properties that can help reduce inflammation.
Air-purifying QualitiesThis plant is not specifically known for air purifying qualities.
Other Uses- Decorative Dried Arrangements: The inflorescence of horehound can be dried and used in decorative flower arrangements for their structure and form.
- Insect Repellent: Horehound has been traditionally used to ward off insects in homes and gardens.
- Companion Planting: Gardeners sometimes plant horehound alongside tomatoes and peppers as it is believed to improve their growth and flavor.
- Fish Bait: Some fishers use horehound foliage as bait because its strong odor can attract certain types of fish.
- Natural Dye: The plant can be used to create a natural greenish dye for wool and other fabrics.
- Flavoring Agent: Horehound can be added to liqueurs and bitter drinks to impart its distinctive flavor.
- Traditional Games: Leaves and stems of horehound have been used historically in children's games, such as making a simple whistle.
- Garden Aesthetic: The plant can be used in a wild garden setting to provide a natural, rustic appearance.
- Craft Material: The stems of horehound can be used in crafting, such as basket weaving or as a part of natural wreaths.
- Botanical Studies: Horehound can be included in educational kits for botany students to study the characteristics of the Lamiaceae family.
Interesting Facts
Feng ShuiThe Black Horehound is not used in Feng Shui practice.
Zodiac Sign CompitabilityBlack Horehound is not used in astrology practice.
Plant Symbolism- Protection: Known as Black Horehound, Ballota nigra has been historically used for its purported protective qualities against evil and negativity. It was often hung in homes or carried as an amulet.
- Healing: The Black Horehound is associated with medicinal properties, symbolizing healing and the alleviation of various ailments, particularly those related to the digestive system.
- Strong scent: Due to its intense and somewhat unpleasant odor, this plant symbolizes robustness and a strong presence, which can be seen as a deterrent against bad influences or pests.
WaterThe black horehound (Ballota nigra) prefers moderately moist soil and should be watered once the top inch of soil starts to feel dry to the touch. This typically means watering approximately once a week, but the frequency may vary depending on environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. When watering, aim to provide enough water to soak the soil without leaving the plant standing in water; roughly equivalent to 1-2 gallons every week during active growth seasons. During the winter or dormant periods, reduce watering to match the plant's reduced need for moisture.
LightThe black horehound thrives in full sun to partial shade. It is best to place the plant in a location where it can receive at least six hours of sunlight daily. However, if you live in an extremely hot climate, providing some afternoon shade would be beneficial to prevent scorching.
TemperatureThe black horehound is a hardy plant that can tolerate a wide range of temperatures, from as low as 20°F to highs around 90°F. For optimal growth, keeping the plant in temperatures between 60°F and 75°F is advisable. Avoid exposing the plant to temperatures below 20°F as it may not survive the extreme cold.
PruningPruning black horehound is necessary to encourage bushier growth and prevent legginess. Trim the plant back in early spring before new growth begins. You can also deadhead the spent blooms during the flowering season to promote additional flowering. Pruning can be done annually or as needed to maintain the desired shape and size of the plant.
CleaningAs needed
SoilBlack Horehound (Ballota nigra) prefers well-drained, sandy or loamy soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. A mix of two parts sand, two parts garden soil, and one part compost would be ideal to ensure good drainage and provide enough nutrients for the plant.
RepottingBlack Horehound should be repotted every two to three years to ensure it has enough space to grow. Repotting is best done in the spring or early summer when the plant is in its active growth phase.
Humidity & MistingBlack Horehound thrives in moderate humidity levels. It does not require high humidity to grow well and can tolerate the range of humidity found in most temperate regions.
Suitable locationsIndoor
Place in bright, indirect light, and water moderately.
Outdoor
Full sun to partial shade, well-drained soil, moderate water.
Hardiness zone
7-10 USDA
Life cycleBallota nigra, commonly known as black horehound, begins its life cycle as a seed, which upon finding suitable soil and environmental conditions, germinates to develop a small, herbaceous plant. It grows rapidly into a bushy perennial, with square stems and heart-shaped, wrinkled leaves emitting a characteristic strong odor when crushed. The plant then enters its flowering phase, usually in the summer, producing small, pink to purple flowers in whorls that are attractive to bees and other pollinators. Following pollination, these flowers give way to four small nutlets, which are the fruit of the plant, each containing a seed capable of beginning the life cycle anew. In suitable climates, black horehound can self-seed prolifically, often establishing itself in disturbed areas as a hardy and adaptable species. After setting seed, the plant can die back in colder climates during winter, to re-emerge vigorously from the root system with the onset of spring.
PropogationPropogation time
Spring to Summer
Propogation: The most popular method of propagating Black Horehound (Ballota nigra) typically involves seed sowing. Seeds are generally best sown in the spring as the weather becomes warmer. To propagate by seeds, sow them thinly atop a well-draining seed starting mix in a flat or container. Barely cover the seeds with a fine layer of soil as they need light to germinate. Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Place the flat in a warm area with temperatures around 70°F (21°C). Germination occurs in approximately two to three weeks. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle and after the danger of frost has passed, they can be transplanted to their final position in the garden, ensuring they are spaced adequately to allow for mature growth.
