Japanese Zelkova Zelkova serrata
ABOUT
The Zelkova serrata, commonly known as the Japanese zelkova, is a stately tree noted for its graceful, spreading shape that forms a broad, round-topped canopy. The leaves of the Japanese zelkova are small to medium-sized, with a distinctive serrated edge that gives the species its name. They have a pointed shape and turn a variety of autumn colors, ranging from yellow to rusty red or deep purple. This deciduous tree sheds its leaves annually. The bark of the Japanese zelkova is another notable feature. It's typically smooth and has a grayish color with a hint of cream or orange. Over time, the bark may exfoliate, revealing a reddish-brown inner bark that provides an attractive texture and adds visual interest, especially during the winter months when the branches are bare. The Japanese zelkova produces inconspicuous small green flowers in the spring. These are followed by small, non-showy fruit that mature to a brownish drupe. The branching structure is usually quite elegant, with numerous fine branches that create a dense and intricate pattern. The overall form of the Japanese zelkova is known for its symmetry and the vase shape it typically assumes, making it popular in urban and landscape settings for its ornamental qualities.
About this plant
NamesFamily
Ulmaceae
Synonyms
Japanese Zelkova, Keyaki, Saw-Toothed Zelkova, Village Tree
Common names
Zelkova acuminata, Zelkova formosana, Zelkova hirta, Zelkova keaki, Zelkova schneideriana, Zelkova serrata var. tarokoensis, Zelkova taiwaniana.
ToxicityTo humans
The Japanese Zelkova (Zelkova serrata) is not commonly known to be toxic to humans. Typically, there are no adverse effects reported from ingesting any part of this plant. However, as with any plant material, individual allergies or sensitivities can occur. If an individual has a specific allergy to the Japanese Zelkova, they might experience symptoms typical of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing, which would require medical attention.
To pets
Similar to its toxicity to humans, the Japanese Zelkova (Zelkova serrata) is not commonly known to be toxic to pets. It is not listed as a plant that is commonly harmful to dogs, cats, or other domestic animals. However, ingestion of non-food items can lead to gastrointestinal upset in pets, which might manifest as vomiting or diarrhea. If these or other symptoms occur, it is advisable to consult with a veterinarian.
CharacteristicsLife cycle
Perennials
Foliage type
Deciduous
Color of leaves
Green
Height
50-80 feet (15.24-24.38 meters)
Spread
50-75 feet (15.24-22.86 meters)
Plant type
Tree
Hardiness zones
5-8
Native area
Japan Korea Eastern China
Benefits
General Benefits- Shade Provider: Zelkova serrata, known as the Japanese elm, is a large deciduous tree that can offer substantial shade for urban streets, parks, and residential landscapes.
- Aesthetic Appeal: With its attractive vase-shaped growth habit and smooth, gray bark, the Japanese elm adds visual interest to any setting.
- Drought Tolerance: Once established, this tree is known for its ability to withstand periods of drought, making it suitable for certain climates with water restrictions.
- Fall Color: The leaves of the Japanese elm turn vibrant shades of yellow, orange, or red in the fall, providing seasonal interest.
- Urban Tolerance: The Japanese elm is tolerant of urban conditions, including pollution and compacted soils, making it a good choice for city environments.
- Low Maintenance: Requiring minimal pruning, the Japanese elm is considered to be low-maintenance, which is ideal for both public and private landscapes.
Medical PropertiesThis plant is not used for medical purposes.
Air-purifying QualitiesThis plant is not specifically known for air purifying qualities.
Other Uses- Zelkova serrata, commonly known as Japanese Zelkova, can be used in bonsai cultivation due to its ability to shape well and adapt to container growth.
- The wood of Japanese Zelkova is often valued for the manufacture of guitars, due to its resonant qualities and attractive grain.
- The Japanese Zelkova is occasionally used in the production of tool handles because of its durability and resistance to splitting.
- This species can be employed in woodworking projects, like cabinetry, because the wood has a smooth finish when polished.
- In landscaping, Japanese Zelkova is valued for its resistance to harsh urban conditions, making it a popular choice for street and park tree plantings.
- The tree's hardy nature and good root structure make it ideal for erosion control in landscapes prone to soil degradation.
- Japanese Zelkova is sometimes used in the creation of musical instruments such as drums for its aesthetic qualities and sound resonance.
- Artisans may carve the wood of Japanese Zelkova into intricate decorative items or sculptures, exploiting its fine grain and workability.
- The leaves of Japanese Zelkova can be used in compost piles where they contribute to creating rich humus after decomposition.
- Japanese Zelkova's dense growth habit can be utilized for privacy screening or as windbreaks in landscape design.
Interesting Facts
Feng ShuiThe Japanese Zelkova is not used in Feng Shui practice.
Zodiac Sign CompitabilityThe Japanese Zelkova is not used in astrology practice.
Plant Symbolism- Resilience: Zelkova serrata, commonly known as Japanese zelkova, is known for its ability to withstand a variety of environmental conditions, symbolizing adaptability and perseverance.
- Strength: The wood of the Japanese zelkova is strong and resistant, which makes it a symbol of inner strength and reliability.
- Growth: As the zelkova tree grows tall and sturdy, it is often seen as a representation of personal growth and development.
- Endurance: The long lifespan of the zelkova signifies endurance and the ability to last through changing times.
WaterThe Japanese zelkova should be watered deeply and infrequently to encourage a strong, deep root system. Young trees benefit from watering once a week with about 10-15 gallons of water, especially during dry spells. Mature trees may require less frequent watering, but the amount might increase to 20-30 gallons depending on the size of the tree and environmental conditions. During hot, dry periods, watering may be necessary every two weeks. It's important not to overwater, as standing water or persistently wet soil can lead to root rot.
LightThe Japanese zelkova thrives in full sun to partial shade. It performs best when planted in a location that receives at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. Although it can tolerate some light shade, the tree's growth might be less dense and its form less symmetrical in reduced lighting.
TemperatureThe Japanese zelkova can withstand a wide range of temperatures, tolerating winter lows down to about 5 degrees Fahrenheit and is heat-tolerant up to approximately 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The ideal temperature for promoting healthy growth is between 50-85 degrees Fahrenheit, accommodating the seasonal temperature fluctuations in many regions.
PruningPruning the Japanese zelkova is important for maintaining its vase-like shape and removing any weak, dead, or crossing branches. The best time for pruning is late winter to early spring before new growth starts. Pruning every 2-3 years is generally sufficient to keep the tree healthy and aesthetically pleasing.
CleaningAs needed
SoilJapanese Zelkova thrives in a soil mix that is well-draining with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. A mixture of loam, sand, and organic compost works well to balance drainage with water retention. Mulch can be added to help maintain moisture levels and provide nutrients.
RepottingJapanese Zelkova typically does not require frequent repotting. Young trees benefit from repotting every 2-3 years, while mature trees can be repotted less frequently, approximately every 3-5 years, to refresh the soil and check root health.
Humidity & MistingJapanese Zelkova does well in average outdoor humidity levels. It is fairly adaptable to different humidity conditions and does not require specific humidity adjustments when grown in its natural outdoor environment.
Suitable locationsIndoor
Provide bright light and moderate watering.
Outdoor
Plant in full sun, well-drained soil, water regularly.
Hardiness zone
5-8 USDA.
Life cycleZelkova serrata, commonly known as Japanese zelkova, begins its life as a seed which germinates in spring when temperatures are suitable. After germination, the seedling emerges and establishes itself, developing a root system and foliage through the juvenile stage. As the tree matures, it transitions to the vegetative stage, characterized by rapid growth in height and girth, eventually forming a distinct trunk and spreading canopy. Once mature, the Japanese zelkova enters the reproductive stage, producing inconspicuous flowers that are wind-pollinated, typically in early spring. Following pollination, the tree produces small drupe-like fruits containing seeds, which are then dispersed by gravity, wind, or occasionally by animals, completing its reproductive cycle. With a potential lifespan of several hundred years, the Japanese zelkova can reach impressive sizes and continue reproducing annually, contributing to the establishment of new generations of trees.
PropogationPropogation time
Spring-early summer
Propogation: The Japanese Zelkova, Zelkova serrata, is commonly propagated through the method of seed sowing. The best time to sow Zelkova seeds is in the spring after all danger of frost has passed, typically between March and May depending on the climate zone. To propagate by seed, it is recommended that the seeds first undergo a period of cold stratification for about two months, which mimics the natural winter conditions they would experience in the wild and helps to break dormancy. This method involves mixing the seeds with moist sand or peat moss, sealing them in a plastic bag, and placing them in a refrigerator at around 34-41 degrees Fahrenheit (1-5 degrees Celsius). After stratification, the seeds are sown in well-draining soil and lightly covered since they require some light for germination. Water should be provided to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Germination can take several weeks, and once the seedlings have grown sufficiently, they can be transplanted into individual pots or into their final growing position.
