Wolfsbane Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia
ABOUT
The plant in question is commonly known as the northern wolfsbane. It is a notably attractive yet highly toxic species. The appearance of this plant is characterized by its lush, deeply divided, dark green leaves that create a backdrop for its standout feature—the flowers. The blooms are helmet-shaped, reminiscent of medieval headwear, and usually come in shades of pale yellow to creamy white. These flowers are arranged in a dense, elongated cluster at the top of the stems, providing a bold visual display during the blooming season. The stems themselves are straight, rising gracefully and branching near the top. Although the visual stature of the plant is not to be discussed, it should be noted that the overall structure gives it a presence in any setting where it grows. The foliage remains an attractive feature even when the plant is not in bloom, with its finely cut leaves creating a textured appearance throughout the growing season. Despite its beauty, it is important to handle this plant with great care due to its toxic properties, which are present in all parts of the plant. The northern wolfsbane's distinct look makes it a plant that is easily recognized and remembered by those familiar with its appearance. It continues to play a role in gardens where its visual appeal can be safely admired.
About this plant
NamesFamily
Ranunculaceae.
Synonyms
Wolfsbane, Yellow Monkshood, Wolf's Bane.
Common names
Aconitum lycoctonum var. vulparia, Aconitum vulparia.
ToxicityTo humans
The plant commonly known as wolfsbane is highly toxic to humans. Ingesting any part of the plant can lead to severe poisoning, and symptoms typically appear within a few hours. These may include a burning sensation in the mouth, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, confusion, heart palpitations, and potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Respiratory paralysis may also occur, leading to death if not treated promptly and effectively. Handling the plant can sometimes cause numbness, tingling, or dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
To pets
Wolfsbane is also highly toxic to pets. If an animal ingests any part of the plant, symptoms can be similar to those in humans and can appear rapidly. Initial signs of poisoning in pets may include drooling, vomiting, diarrhea, and weakness. As the toxicity progresses, pets may experience heart arrhythmias, respiratory difficulties, paralysis, and seizures. Without immediate veterinary intervention, ingestion of wolfsbane can be fatal to pets.
CharacteristicsLife cycle
Perennials
Foliage type
Deciduous
Color of leaves
Green
Flower color
Yellow
Height
3-4 feet (0.9-1.2 meters)
Spread
1-2 feet (0.3-0.6 meters)
Plant type
Herb
Hardiness zones
3
Native area
Europe
Benefits
General Benefits- Ecosystem support – The flowers of Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia, commonly known as Wolf's-bane, are a source of nectar for pollinators such as bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, thus supporting local ecosystems.
- Ornamental use – With its striking flowers and tall stature, Wolf's-bane can be a beautiful addition to gardens and landscapes for aesthetic purposes.
- Soil stabilization – The root systems of Wolf's-bane can help to stabilize the soil, preventing erosion in hilly or sloped areas.
- Biodiversity – By providing habitat and food for a variety of organisms, Wolf's-bane contributes to the biodiversity of its native areas.
- Educational value – As a native plant in certain regions, Wolf's-bane can be used as a teaching tool for botany, ecology, and conservation studies.
Medical Properties- Analgesic: Aconitum contains alkaloids that can have pain-relieving effects.
- Anti-inflammatory: Some compounds within Aconitum may help reduce inflammation.
- Febrifuge: Traditionally used to reduce fever, although usage is risky due to the plant's toxicity.
- Neurological effects: The plant has been associated with effects on the nervous system, although these are generally considered toxic and dangerous.
Air-purifying QualitiesThis plant is not specifically known for air purifying qualities.
Other Uses- Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia, commonly known as wolfsbane, has been historically used in arrow poisons for hunting due to its toxic components.
- Wolfsbane has been used in folklore and magic, often included in rituals or spells associated with protection against werewolves and evil spirits.
- The bright flowers of wolfsbane can be used as a natural dye to color fabrics and wool, typically resulting in a blue or yellow hue depending on the mordant used.
- In some cultures, wolfsbane was used in small amounts to poison the water of predators like wolves and foxes, giving it one of its common names.
- Because of its toxicity, wolfsbane has been employed historically as a rodenticide to control rodent populations.
- The plant has often been planted in gardens for its ornamental value, due to its tall spires of blue or white flowers.
- In certain mythologies and legends, wolfsbane is said to be able to induce invisibility, and it was sometimes used in rituals seeking this power.
- Wolfsbane has been utilized in the past as a method to euthanize seriously ill or aged animals in a more so-called 'humane' way due to its quick-acting toxic substances.
- It has been part of traditional hunting practices in some cultures to mix wolfsbane with bait to hunt large predators more safely.
- The distinct shape and color of wolfsbane flowers make them a choice for thematic garden designs, such as gothic or "witch" gardens.
Interesting Facts
Feng ShuiThe Wolfsbane is not used in Feng Shui practice.
Zodiac Sign CompitabilityThe Wolfsbane is not used in astrology practice.
Plant Symbolism- Protection: Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia, commonly known as Wolfsbane, has been long associated with protection against evil spirits and supernatural forces.
- Danger: Wolfsbane is known for its toxic properties, making it a symbol of danger and caution against harm.
- Misdirection: Historically, it was believed that Wolfsbane had the ability to make a person invisible or confuse predators or threats, thus symbolizing deception and misdirection.
- Defense: As an herb used in warding off predators, particularly wolves, Wolfsbane represents defense against larger threats.
WaterThe Wolfsbane should be watered when the top inch of soil feels dry to the touch. It is generally sufficient to water deeply every week, ensuring the plant receives about 1 inch of water during this period. In hot or windy weather, check the soil moisture levels more frequently, as the plant may need additional water. Reduce watering in the winter when the plant is dormant. Avoid overhead watering to prevent foliage diseases; instead, use a drip system or water at the base of the plant.
LightWolfsbane thrives in partial shade but can tolerate full sun in cooler climates. The ideal spot for this plant would be an area that receives morning sun and afternoon shade, or dappled sunlight throughout the day. Too much intense sunlight can lead to scorching of the leaves, so if you live in a region with strong sun, aim for more shade.
TemperatureWolfsbane prefers temperate climates with temperatures ranging from 50 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit. The plant can survive minimum temperatures down to around -20 degrees Fahrenheit but should be protected from harsh frost. The ideal temperature for this plant is on the cooler side, as it does not do well in extreme heat.
PruningPrune Wolfsbane in late winter or early spring to remove any dead or damaged foliage and encourage new growth. Deadheading spent flowers can promote a second blooming and prevent self-sowing. Pruning is typically done on an as-needed basis, rather than on a strict schedule. The best time to prune is after the plant has finished flowering, which is usually by mid-summer.
CleaningAs needed
SoilThe best soil mix for Wolfsbane (Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia) is well-draining, rich in organic matter, and slightly acidic to neutral, with a pH of 6.0 to 7.0. You can create a suitable mix using equal parts of loam, sand, and peat or compost to ensure good drainage and fertility.
RepottingWolfsbane does not require frequent repotting and can typically be repotted every 2 to 3 years. It's best to repot in the early spring as the plant emerges from dormancy.
Humidity & MistingWolfsbane thrives in moderate humidity conditions but can tolerate a range of humidity levels. It is important to ensure that the air is not too dry, aiming for a humidity level around 40-60%.
Suitable locationsIndoor
Provide bright, indirect light and cool temps.
Outdoor
Plant in partial shade, moist, well-drained soil.
Hardiness zone
3-7 USDA
Life cycleAconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia, commonly known as Wolf's-bane, begins its life cycle as a seed, which upon finding suitable conditions, germinates and develops into a seedling. The seedling grows into a vegetative plant, characterized by the development of a stem, leaves, and a root system. As the plant matures, it enters the flowering stage, producing distinctivelly hooded blue or yellow flowers, which are crucial for reproductive processes including pollination. Following pollination, the flowers develop into fruit, which are follicles containing seeds that, once mature, are dispersed into the environment. The plant goes dormant in the winter, with the roots surviving underground, to re-emerge and continue its life cycle in the spring. This perennial herbaceous plant may also propagate vegetatively through its rhizomes, thus expanding its presence in an area over multiple growing seasons.
PropogationPropogation time
Spring to Summer
The most popular method of propagation for Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia, commonly known as Wolfsbane, is by seed. Sowing should be done when the seeds are ripe, which usually occurs in late summer or early autumn. To propagate Wolfsbane by seeds, one should sow the seeds thinly in a cold frame as soon as they are ripe. The cold frame mimics natural winter conditions, which helps in breaking the seed dormancy. Once the seedlings have emerged and are large enough to handle, they can be transplanted into individual pots. They should be grown in the pots for at least a year before being planted out into their permanent positions in the garden during early summer. This allows the young plants time to establish an extensive root system, which is crucial for their survival and growth.
